文法JLPT N3 grammar
73 grammar patterns with meanings, usage and examples
- ～たび（に）tabi ni Every time; wheneverDescribe a result or experience that recurs whenever an action or occasion occurs. It often highlights a notable connection rather than simply a fixed...
- ～うちにuchi ni While; before a situation changes; during whichOne use means taking an opportunity while a state still holds. Another describes a natural change arising during an activity. Distinguish a deliberate...
- ～たとたん(に)ta totan ni The moment; just as; immediately afterAn event occurs the instant the preceding action finishes, often unexpectedly. The second clause normally does not state the speaker's intention, comm...
- ～だらけdarake Covered in; full of undesirable thingsDescribe something full of usually undesirable things, such as mistakes, dust, or scratches. It may refer to visible covering or internal problems. It...
- ～っけkke What was it again?; checking one's memoryUsed when trying to recall information or asking someone to confirm something thought to be known. It is common in casual speech and can be addressed...
- ～っこないkkonai There is no way; absolutely cannotStrongly denies that an action is possible or that something will happen. It is a casual, emphatic expression rather than a neutral statement of inabi...
- ～ついでにtsuide ni While one is at it; taking the opportunity toAdds a secondary action that is convenient to do together with the main activity or trip. The additional action is done because the opportunity is ava...
- ～てしかたがないte shikata ga nai Extremely; cannot help feelingEmphasize an emotion, sensation, or desire that is very strong and hard to control. It usually describes the speaker's experience; another person's fe...
- ～てしようがないte shiyou ga nai So very; cannot help feelingExpress a powerful feeling or sensation that cannot readily be controlled, much like te shikata ga nai. In everyday speech, the form te shou ga nai is...
- ～ということだto iu koto da It is reported that; this means thatReport information heard from a source, or summarize a conclusion drawn from prior information. A source is often stated in the reporting use. In the...
- ～というよりto iu yori Rather than; more accurately described asRefine a description by saying the second expression is more accurate than the first. It is not necessarily a comparison of personal preferences. Mush...
- ～と言えば／というとto ieba to iu to Speaking of; when it comes toPick up a mentioned topic and introduce an associated idea. To ieba commonly brings up related information or a memory. To iu to can also introduce a...
- ～と言ってもto ittemo Although I say; even though it is calledQualify something just stated so that the listener does not overestimate it. The following clause often explains that the reality is more limited or d...
- ～ながら（も）nagara mo Although; despitePresent a fact or quality followed by an unexpected contrast, usually about the same subject. This concessive use is different from V-stem nagara for...
- ～など／なんか／なんてnado nanka nante Such as; things like; dismissive or surprised emphasisNado introduces examples and is suitable for writing or more formal speech. Nanka is colloquial rather than formal. Nante can introduce examples or ex...
- ～においてni oite At; in; in the field ofMark the place, time, field, or context of an event in formal language. In ordinary conversation, de is often more natural. Use ni okeru, not ni oite,...
- ～におけるni okeru In; at; concerning, when modifying a nounModify a noun by specifying the location, period, or field associated with it. This form is common in headings, reports, and research. It is unrelated...
- ～に代わってni kawatte In place of; on behalf of; replacingDescribe someone or something taking over another's role. It may be a temporary representative or a replacement in a method or technology. Compare the...
- ～に関する／に関してni kansuru ni kanshite Concerning; with regard to; related toIntroduce a topic in relatively formal language. Ni kansuru directly modifies a noun, while ni kanshite introduces a clause. Wa can single out the top...
- ～にしたがってni shitagatte As; in accordance withDescribes a change that develops alongside another change, or acting according to instructions or a rule. Context distinguishes gradual change from fo...
- ～に対してni taishite Toward; in response to; in contrast toMark the target of an attitude or action, or a response to something. It can also contrast two situations with no ni taishite. Use ni taisuru when dir...
- ～につれてni tsurete As; in proportion to a gradual changeDescribe two changes progressing together: as one develops, the other gradually changes too. The second clause is normally a natural change rather tha...
- ～にとってni totte For; from the standpoint ofIntroduces the person or group from whose perspective an evaluation is made. It commonly precedes judgments about importance, value, difficulty or use...
- ～に反してni hanshite Contrary to; againstDescribe something contrary to an expectation, wish, or rule. It is not simply a comparison of any two characteristics; the result conflicts with what...
- ～べき/ べきではないbeki beki dewa nai Should; ought to; should notState what should or should not be done according to a norm, responsibility, or the speaker's judgment. It is a fairly strong recommendation and may s...
- ～向きだmuki da Suitable for; facingDescribe something whose qualities suit a group or purpose. Muke commonly emphasizes the intended audience, while muki emphasizes suitability. With a...
- ～わけないwake nai There is no way that (colloquial わけがない)In this entry, wake nai is the colloquial form of wake ga nai with ga omitted. It strongly rejects a possibility based on reasoning. Distinguish it fr...
- ～わけだwake da That explains why; it follows that; no wonderExpress a logical conclusion after receiving information or explain why a situation makes sense. It can also state a calculated consequence. It is not...
- ～わけではないwake dewa nai It does not mean that; not necessarily; not entirelyReject an interpretation or generalization without necessarily denying the whole situation. With expressions such as always or all, it often gives a p...
- ～わけでもないwake demo nai It is not particularly the case that; not necessarily eitherSoftly reject one possible explanation or interpretation, often while considering several possibilities. It is close to wake dewa nai, with mo sometim...