～など／なんか／なんて
nado nanka nante
Such as; things like; dismissive or surprised emphasis
Formation 接続
Noun + など/なんか. Noun or plain clause + なんて for examples or emotional emphasis; handling of だ depends on the clause.
Explanation 説明
Nado introduces examples and is suitable for writing or more formal speech. Nanka is colloquial rather than formal. Nante can introduce examples or express surprise or dismissal; avoid using it to belittle someone in a polite situation.
Examples 例文
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机の上には本やノートなどがあります。
There are books, notebooks, and similar things on the desk.
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週末は公園なんかでのんびりしたいです。
On the weekend, I would like to relax somewhere like a park.
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一人で全部作ったなんて、すごいですね。
It is amazing that you made everything yourself.
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私なんかにできるか心配です。
I am worried whether someone like me can do it.
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こんな近くで会えるなんて、思っていませんでした。
I never thought I would be able to meet you so close by.
How related patterns differ 比較
など and とか can give non-exhaustive examples. なんか and なんて add colloquial or emotional nuance. やら～やら often suggests a mixed collection, while をはじめ introduces a representative example of a group.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ～など／なんか／なんて | Such as; things like; dismissive or surprised emphasis | 机の上には本やノートなどがあります。 There are books, notebooks, and similar things on the desk. |
| N+をはじめ | Including; notably; starting with | 今年はベトナムをはじめ、東南アジアの各国を旅行したいと思っている。 This year, I would like to travel to countries across Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. |
| ～も～なら～も、～も～ば～も | Both ... and ...; not only one aspect but another too | 彼女は英語も話せれば、中国語も話せます。 She can speak both English and Chinese. |
| ～やら～やら | Things like ... and ...; ... and ... among other things | 机の上には本やら書類やらが積んであります。 Books, documents, and all sorts of things are piled on the desk. |
| 〜とか〜とか | Such as; things like; saying things such as | 隣の席の山田さんは、文句が多い。いつも疲れたとか仕事が多いとか言っている。 Mr. Yamada, who sits next to me, complains a lot. He is always saying he is tired or has too much work. |
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