～つつも
tsutsu mo
Although; despite being aware of
Formation 接続
Full formation notes
Verb masu-stem + つつも, followed by a contrasting action or result. The simultaneous-action use of つつ is separate.
Explanation 説明
Present something known, thought, or intended, followed by behavior or a result that conflicts with it. It is mainly written in style, and the clauses often share a subject. Distinguish it from tsutsu expressing simultaneous actions.
Examples 例文
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早く寝ようと思いつつも、つい本を読んでしまいました。
Although I intended to sleep early, I ended up reading.
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体に悪いと知りつつも、夜遅くにお菓子を食べてしまいます。
Although I know it is unhealthy, I still eat sweets late at night.
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友人に連絡しなければと思いつつも、忙しくて後回しにしていました。
Although I knew I should contact my friend, I kept putting it off because I was busy.
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申し訳ないと思いつつも、その依頼を断りました。
Although I felt sorry, I declined the request.
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失敗を恐れつつも、新しい仕事に挑戦しました。
Despite fearing failure, I took on a new job.
How related patterns differ 比較
ながらも and つつも express contrast, while ながら and つつ also have separate simultaneous-action uses. 反面 contrasts two aspects of one thing; に反して means contrary to expectations or rules. にかかわらず means the result does not depend on a condition.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ～つつも | Although; despite being aware of | 早く寝ようと思いつつも、つい本を読んでしまいました。 Although I intended to sleep early, I ended up reading. |
| ～つつ | While doing; although | 資料を確認しつつ、気づいた点をメモした。 While checking the documents, I noted the points that caught my attention. |
| ～つつある | Be gradually becoming; be in the process of | 日本語への関心が高まりつつある。 Interest in Japanese is gradually growing. |
| ～ながら（も） | Although; despite | この部屋は狭いながらも、使いやすいです。 Although this room is small, it is practical. |
| ～にかかわらず | Regardless of; whether or not | 年齢にかかわらず、誰でも参加できます。 Anyone can participate regardless of age. |
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