～上に
ue ni
Besides; on top of
Formation 接続
plain clause + 上に; Nの／な-adjective な + 上に
Notation: N = noun; V dictionary = dictionary-form verb; V stem = the stem before ます; plain clause = plain-form clause; negative stem = the form before ない. Follow the attachment shown above.
Explanation 説明
Adds two qualities or reasons pointing in the same direction, usually both positive or both negative.
Examples 例文
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会議は長い上に、休憩もない。
The event, the meeting, is long and has no breaks on top of that.
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試験は長い上に、休憩もない。
The event, the exam, is long and has no breaks on top of that.
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研修は長い上に、休憩もない。
The event, the training session, is long and has no breaks on top of that.
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発表会は長い上に、休憩もない。
The event, the presentation event, is long and has no breaks on top of that.
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面接は長い上に、休憩もない。
The event, the interview, is long and has no breaks on top of that.
How related patterns differ 比較
上に, に加えて, and のみならず add information. はもとより treats the first as obvious; もさることながら draws greater attention to the second. にもまして exceeds a comparison standard. および mainly joins nouns in formal text.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ～上に | Besides; on top of | 会議は長い上に、休憩もない。 The event, the meeting, is long and has no breaks on top of that. |
| ～はもとより | Not only; naturally including | 会議には、学生はもとより、教員も参加する。 Teachers as well as students will take part in the meeting. |
| ～および | And; as well as | 会議および説明会の日程を確認した。 I checked the dates of the meeting and the information session. |
| ～ないばかりか | Not only does not; also | 資料を読まないばかりか、受け取ったことも忘れていた。 He not only failed to read the documents, but had even forgotten receiving it. |
| ～に加えて | In addition to | 会議の準備に加えて、通常の仕事もある。 In addition to preparing for the meeting, I have my regular work. |
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