～にもかかわらず
ni mo kakawarazu
Despite; although
Formation 接続
plain clause／N + にもかかわらず; な-adjective + であるにもかかわらず
Notation: N = noun; V dictionary = dictionary-form verb; V stem = the stem before ます; plain clause = plain-form clause; negative stem = the form before ない. Follow the attachment shown above.
Explanation 説明
Introduces an outcome contrary to expectation; distinguish にかかわらず meaning regardless of a condition.
Examples 例文
-
けがにもかかわらず、計画は予定どおり進んだ。
Despite an injury, the plan went ahead on schedule.
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大雨にもかかわらず、計画は予定どおり進んだ。
Despite heavy rain, the plan went ahead on schedule.
-
周囲の反対にもかかわらず、計画は予定どおり進んだ。
Despite opposition from others, the plan went ahead on schedule.
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資金不足にもかかわらず、計画は予定どおり進んだ。
Despite a lack of funds, the plan went ahead on schedule.
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人手不足にもかかわらず、計画は予定どおり進んだ。
Despite a shortage of staff, the plan went ahead on schedule.
How related patterns differ 比較
ても can concede a hypothetical condition; のに commonly contrasts actual facts against expectations. としても hypothesizes, while にもかかわらず is formal. のに also has a purpose-related use, so attachment and context both matter.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ～にもかかわらず | Despite; although | けがにもかかわらず、計画は予定どおり進んだ。 Despite an injury, the plan went ahead on schedule. |
| ～ても（V/A/N) | Even if; even though | 雨が降っても、試合をします。 Even if it rains, we will play the match. |
| ～のに | Although; even though | 日本にいるのに、日本語をあまり使いません。 Even though I am in Japan, I do not use Japanese much. |
| ～くせに | Even though; despite | 資料を確認したくせに、何も覚えていないのか。 You did check the documents, yet you do not remember anything? |
| ～ものの | Although; even though | 資料を確認したものの、まだ自信がない。 Although I did check the documents, I am still not confident. |
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