～ず
zu
Without doing; not doing
Formation 接続
Remove ない from the negative verb form and add ず. Irregular forms: する → せず; 来る → 来ず (こず). Use ずに before another action.
Explanation 説明
A negative form often used in writing or formal speech. Zu ni means performing an action without doing another one first; zu can also connect a negative clause to what follows. Suru becomes sezu, not shizu.
Examples 例文
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辞書を使わずに、この文章を読みました。
I read this passage without using a dictionary.
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彼は何も言わずに席を立ちました。
He got up from his seat without saying anything.
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予約をせずに店へ行ってしまいました。
I went to the restaurant without making a reservation.
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休まずに働くと、体を壊します。
Working without a break will damage your health.
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理由が分からず、先生に質問しました。
I did not understand the reason, so I asked the teacher.
How related patterns differ 比較
なかなか～ない describes a desired result that does not come easily. ず negates an action or means without doing, without itself implying a long wait. だらけ describes a state full of usually undesirable things, not a negative verb form.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ～ず | Without doing; not doing | 辞書を使わずに、この文章を読みました。 I read this passage without using a dictionary. |
| ～わざわざ | To go out of one's way to do something | わざわざ駅まで迎えに来てくれてありがとう。 Thank you for going out of your way to meet me at the station. |
| ～つい | Unintentionally; before one can stop oneself | 彼と話すのは楽しいので、つい長電話をしてしまう。今日も気づいたら2時間も話していた。 I enjoy talking to him, so I end up staying on the phone too long. Today, two hours had passed before I noticed. |
| ～なかなか | Not easily; not for a long time; quite | バスがなかなか来ません。 The bus is taking a long time to come. |
| ～どうしても | No matter what; by any means; simply cannot | どうしてもこの展覧会を見に行きたいです。 I really want to see this exhibition, no matter what. |
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