～はおろか
wa oroka
Let alone; not even
Formation 接続
N + はおろか + lesser N + も／さえ + negative
Notation: N = noun; V dictionary = dictionary-form verb; V stem = the stem before ます; plain clause = plain-form clause; negative stem = the form before ない. Follow the attachment shown above.
Explanation 説明
Denies even a more basic item, making the first item still less attainable; order the scale carefully.
Examples 例文
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資料を読むことはおろか、開くことさえできなかった。
I could not even open the documents, let alone read it.
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報告書を読むことはおろか、開くことさえできなかった。
I could not even open the report, let alone read it.
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説明書を読むことはおろか、開くことさえできなかった。
I could not even open the instructions, let alone read it.
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計画書を読むことはおろか、開くことさえできなかった。
I could not even open the written plan, let alone read it.
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申込書を読むことはおろか、開くことさえできなかった。
I could not even open the application form, let alone read it.
How related patterns differ 比較
さえ and すら give extreme examples; たりとも excludes even the smallest amount. はおろか denies a more basic case. どころか counters an expectation; どころではない leaves no room to act. のみ and にすぎない limit things with different emphasis.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ～はおろか | Let alone; not even | 資料を読むことはおろか、開くことさえできなかった。 I could not even open the documents, let alone read it. |
| ～さえ | Even | 忙しくて、資料さえ読めなかった。 I was so busy that I could not even read the documents. |
| ～にすぎない | no more than; just; merely; only~ Emphasizes the low level of something in terms of quality or quantity | これは資料の一部にすぎない。 This is merely part of the documents. |
| ～以外の | Other than; except | 会議以外の予定は入っていない。 I have no plans other than the meeting. |
| ～どころか | Far from; let alone | 資料を読むどころか、開く時間さえなかった。 Far from reading the documents, I did not even have time to open it. |
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