文法JLPT N4 grammar
80 grammar patterns with meanings, usage and examples
- ～ものmono Because; after all; an explanatory reasonGives a personal reason or justification, often with an emotional or conversational tone. It commonly occurs at the end of a sentence.
- ～ものか No way; I certainly will notA rhetorical question expressing strong denial, refusal or disbelief. It means the speaker emphatically rejects the proposition rather than genuinely...
- ～ものならmononara If it were possible; if one were to dareWith a potential form, expresses a difficult or unlikely wish or challenges someone to do something. With a volitional form, warns of a serious conseq...
- ～ためにtameni In order to; for the sake of; because ofExpresses a purpose or a cause. In the purpose meaning, the planned action serves a goal; in the cause meaning, an event brings about a result.
- ～場合に In the case that; in the event ofDescribes what should happen or applies in a particular circumstance. It is common in instructions, procedures and contingency plans.
- ～たほうがいい／ないほうがいいtahougaii Had better; should; should notGives advice or recommends avoiding an action. The past form in the positive advice does not mean that the action must already have happened.
- ～のです、んですundesu You see; the explanation is thatAdds an explanation connected to a situation already understood or observed. Questions with のですか or んですか ask for an explanation rather than a...
- ～すぎる（すぎます） Too much; excessivelyIndicates that an action or quality exceeds a suitable level. Conjugate すぎる like a group 2 verb for tense and politeness.
- ～V可能形ようになる Become able to doDescribes acquiring an ability or reaching circumstances in which an action becomes possible.
- ～Ｖるようになる Begin to do regularly; come to doDescribes a change in behavior or a developing tendency. The positive form means starting to do something, and the negative form can mean coming not t...
- ～ないようにするnai you ni suru Make an effort not to; so thatないようにする means taking care to avoid an action. Related ように clauses express a purpose or desired state, and ますように can express a wish.
- 〜たばかりtabakari Have just donePresents an action as having happened recently from the speaker's perspective. The elapsed time is relative to the context, not a fixed number of minu...
- 〜ようになるyouninaru Come to; become able to; a change of habitShows a change into a new state of ability, possibility or habitual behavior. Read the verb before ようになる to determine which meaning is intended.
- までにmadeni By a deadline; before a limitSpecifies a time limit by which an action must be completed. It often occurs with finishing, submitting, returning or preparing something.
- 〜とか〜とかtoka toka Such as; things like; saying things such asLists examples in a conversational, non-exhaustive way. It can list objects, actions or quoted statements.
- いこうけいikokei Volitional verb form; let us; I willExpresses an intention or an invitation in plain speech. It also forms constructions such as ようと思う for a plan.
- しえきかたちsiekikatachi The causative form; make or letDescribes causing or allowing another person to act. The context tells whether the person was forced, encouraged or permitted.
- てくるtekuru Come toward; develop up to nowDescribes movement toward the speaker or a change developing from the past toward the present. It can also describe going to do something and returnin...
- 数量もsuryou mo As many as; as much asEmphasizes that a quantity is surprisingly large or exceeds expectations. The counter still follows the ordinary counting rules.
- ～ちゃうchau End up doing; finish doing, casuallyA conversational contraction of てしまう or でしまう. It retains the meanings of completion or an unintended, regrettable result.